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Objective:To compare the effects of "Rain Classroom" teaching model and traditional teaching model in the Pharmacology teaching for MBBS international students.Methods:A total of 55 MBBS international students of the Batch 2016 were selected, and randomly divided into the "Rain Classroom" teaching group ( n = 27, experimental group) and the traditional teaching group ( n = 28, control group) according to their academic performance, age, gender, learning attitude, learning ability, and their original country. The experimental group took "Rain Classroom" assisted teaching, and control group took traditional teaching.The teachers for two groups were the same. They have been engaged in the "Pharmacology" course for international students for many years. The chapter "Antihypertensives" in textbook " Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews, Pharmacology (edited by Karen Whalen)" was selected as teaching content. The teaching effects were evaluated by the knowledge assessment (70 points) and process evaluation (30 points). A questionnaire survey was conducted at the end of the course. The results were statistically analyzed by t-test and Chi-square test using SPSS 11.5 software. Results:Compared with the traditional teaching group, the students of "Rain Classroom" group obtained a significantly higher score in exam. The average exam score of the "Rain Classroom" group was (58.6±6.8) points, while the average exam score of the traditional teaching group was (52.3±9.4) points, indicating a better mastery of knowledge for "Rain Classroom" group ( P < 0.05). The process evaluation showed that the students in the "Rain Classroom" group were more active in participation and the interaction, which was significantly higher than that in the traditional teaching group (7.4 vs. 2.8 times per students). No obvious difference was observed in students' attendance and homework scores for these two groups. According to the questionnaire survey, the "Rain Classroom" group enhanced students' interest in learning, improved the concentration in classes, and thus promoted the mastery of knowledge. Conclusion:The present study has confirmed the "Rain Classroom" teaching method is conducive to mobilizing students' enthusiasm for learning and improving teaching effect.
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Objective To study the prescription and preparation technology of breviscapine microemulsion for parenteral injection,and to evaluate its quality.Methods The prescription was selected and optimized through single-factor test and the pseudo-ternary phase diagram method.The preparation technology was investigated,and the particle diameter,drug content,encapsulation efficiency and haemolyticus were evaluated.Results The prescription composition of breviscapine microemulsion was soybean oil:phospholipid:HS15:PEG400:water=1:0.1:0.55:0.55:6.64 (m/m),with the drug content of 4.01 mg·mL-1,the acquired breviscapine microemulsion exhibited light yellow,uniform and transparent,with average particle diameter of 92.1 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 96.8%.The compatibility test showed no drug precipitation and the preparation was no hemolytic crisis.Conclusion The preparation of breviscapine microemulsion injection is correspond to the main index of parenteral injection.
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OBJECTIVE:To prepare dexibuprofen sustained-release pellets,and to analyze the drug release behavior in vitro. METHODS:Centrifugal granulation powder layering-eudragit dispersion coating method was used to prepare dexibuprofen sus-tained-release pellets using 3%HPMC as adhesive agent. The formula of the pellets was optimized by orthogonal test with weight ra-tio of sucrose to dexibuprofen,weight ratio of HPMC to Eudragit NE30D and coating weight as factors,using 1,4 and 10 h accu-mulated release rate (Q) as index. The release of the drug from the pellets was analyzed. RESULTS:The optimized formulation was that the proportion of sucrose to drug was 1:10,the weight ratio of HPMC to Eudragit NE30D was 1.5:1,the increased weight of coating material was 8%. Q1 h,Q4 h and Q10 h of prepared pellets were 21%,57% and 89%,respectively(n=3). The co-rrelation coefficient of zero-order,one-order and Higuchi equation release model were 0.956 6,0.989 9,0.996 5. CONCLUSIONS:Prepared pellets show good sustained-release effect in vitro. Drug release of pellets is more in accordance with Higuchi equation.
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Pathology rotation is an important part in resident standardization training. Impor-tance should be attached to the residents' learning during the standardization training in Pathology De-partment, such as standardizing training and strict departmental rotation examination, developing the residents' thinking ability of the relationship between clinical and pathology with the main line of spe-cialty pathology learning , and improving clinical research capacity through pathology technical methods and principles, and training pathology literacy from pathology requisition filled to interpreta-tion of the pathology report, which will also help to improve the medical service quality of the hospital.
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Objective To investigate the expression of multidrug resistance protein such as multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1),lung-resistance related protein (LRP), P-glycoprotein (Pgp),glutathione s-transferase (GST-π) and topoismerase Ⅱ (TOPO Ⅱ ) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which would be supplied for the clinical chemotherapy of HCC. Methods Twenty-six cases of HCC who underwent hepatectomy were enrolled and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was carried out on all specimens for the detection of expression of MRP1,LRP,Pgp,GST-πand TOPO Ⅱ and the data was analyzed by image analysis system. Results The expression of five multidrug resistance protein in HCC tissue were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissue beyond cancer (P ＜0.05). The significant differences were found in the expression of Pgp,TOPO Ⅱ and GST-π between HCC tissue and distant metastasis (P ＜ 0.05 ). The expression of the five multidrug resistance protein in poorly differentiated HCC tissue was higher than that in well-differentiated tissue,while the significant difference was only found in the expression of TOPO Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05 ). The significant association was not found between the expressions of five multidrug resistance protein in HCC tissue and the size of tumor,AFP, the portal vein tumor thrombus,hepatic cirrhosis and liver function. Conclusions Five multidrug resistance protein overexpression in various degrees in HCC tissue, which relates to some biological behavior of the cancer. Combined detection is of much benefit to the choice of the drug of chemotherapy and to the prediction of prognosis.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and Mucin 1 (MUC1) in hepatolithiasis associated with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. MethodsSpecimens were taken from 90 patients who underwent hepatectomies from August 1989 to June 2009 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. The specimens were stained immunohistochemically for NF-κB, EGFR and MUC1. There were 33 patients who had hepatolithiasis associated with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (the experiment group). 32 patients with hepatolithiasis served as the control group, and 25 patients with normal intrahepatic bile ducts taken at 1-2cm distal to benign hepatic neoplasm served as the blank group. The immunohistochemical staining were performed on tissue slices. Results NF-κB positive rate was 51.5％ (17/33), 25％(8/32) and 4％ 1/25) in the experiment group, the control group and the blank group respectively,P＜0. 01 ; EGFR positive rates were 57. 6％ (19/33), 31.3％ (10/32) and 0 (0/25) respectively,P＜0. 01; MUC1 positive rates were 54. 5％ (18/33), 28. 1 ％ (9/32), 0 (0/25) respectively,P＜0. 01. There were significant differences for high level expressions of EGFR and MUC1 among histopathologic grading, tumor invasion and metastasis. The survival rates of patients with EGFR and MUC1 expressed tumor were lower than of patients with non-expressed tumout (P＜0. 01). ConclusionsNF-κB is probably involved in the early stage of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis. Overexpressions of NF-κB, EGFR and MUC1 play coordinately and important roles during intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis. High level expressions of EGFR and MUC1 are related to the malignant degree of cholangiocarcinoma and to worse prognosis.
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Objective To investigate the expression of CD44v3 and VEGF-C in human gastric cancers and the clinical significance. Methods The expression of CD44v3 and VEGF-C was detected by immunohistochemistry SP method in 92 gastric cancer tissues. Results Positive immunohistochemical stain for CD44v3 was identified in 27.2% of gastric cancer tissues. There was no correlation found among the expression of CD44v3 with sex, location,depth of invasion, WHO type, Lauren type as well as distant metastasis (all P ＞ 0. 05 ). The expression of CD44v3 was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and tumor differentiation( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). Positive immunohistochemical stain for VEGF-C was identified in 48.9% of gastric cancer tissues. There was no correlation found among the expression of VEGF-C with sex,location, tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, WHO type, as well as distant metastasis ( all P ＞ 0. 05 ). The expression of VEGF-C was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and Lauren type ( all P ＜0. 05). Cox-Regression reflected that only the lymphatic metastasis situation correlated with the life ratio( P =0. 015). Conclusion The expression of CD44v3 and VEGF-C could suggest the progression and metastatic potential value of gastric cancer,but didnt correlate with the life ratio. There was no cooperation between CD44v3 and VEGF-C in promoting gastric cancer metastasis.
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As a potent anticoagulant, leech a traditional Chinese medicine, has become increasing topics. Hirudin, which is the primary effective component in leech, is a specific and efficient inhibitor of thrombin, mainly used in prevention and treatment of thrombus on the clinic practice. However, there is still no accurate and convenient method reported about the determination of it's biological activity. This paper reported a method for the determination of the biological activity the of extract from hirudo. The extra thrombin, which was not inhibited by hirudin in the extract from hirudo, reacted with N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and was determined. The biological activity of the hirudo extract was determined, indirectly. The linear of calibration curve and accuracy were both perfect, the method was accurate and reliable.
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Animals , Arginine , Biological Factors , Pharmacology , Enzyme Assays , Methods , Enzyme Inhibitors , Pharmacology , Hirudins , Pharmacology , Hirudo medicinalis , Chemistry , ThrombinABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for the determination of the peroxide value of hydroxycamptothecin freeze-dried liposome. METHODS: Colorimetric method with ferric thiocyanate and UV spectrophotometry were adopted for the content determination of peroxide value at detection wavelength of 500 nm. RESULTS: The linear range of iron was 0.2～4 ?g?mL-1 (r=0.999 0) with an average recovery of 99.2% (RSD=1.2%, n=9). The peroxide value of 3 batches of hydroxycamptothecin freeze-dried liposome was 0.48,0.45,0.43 mmol?kg-1. CONCLUSION: The method is sensitive and precise for the determination of the peroxide value of liposome.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the predictive factors that are associated with intraoperative identification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Lymphatic mapping using blue dye was performed in 108 patients with stage I and II operable primary breast cancer. Subsequently the patients received operations of breast cancer including axillary dissection. Clinical and histological factors were assessed to determine those that were associated with intraoperative identification of the SLN.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The sentinel node was identified at the time of surgery in 84 patients (77.78%). Of the clinical factors assessed, age(y) < 50 (chi(2) = 7.447, P < 0.01), tumour in the upper quadrant (chi(2) = 6.330, P < 0.05), diagnosis by preoperative biopsy (chi(2) = 5.509, P < 0.05), successful mapping of the lymphatic duct (chi(2) = 13.125, P < 0.01) were significant in identifying the sentinel node at operation. No histological factor was associated with intraoperative identification of the sentinel node.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are the possibility of failure of SLN identification at sentinel lymph node biopsy. Our results suggest that the best predictor of intraoperative sentinel node identification is the visualization of the lymphatic duct on mapping by blue dye. Other factors such as age, tumour site as well as diagnostic method are also important in determining the success of the procedure.</p>
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Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Breast Neoplasms , Pathology , Intraoperative Care , Lymph Nodes , Pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Neoplasm Staging , Sentinel Lymph Node BiopsyABSTRACT
Objective To study the expression and significance of survivin and cyclin D 1 in hepatic cellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods The expression of survivin and cyclin D 1 were detected in 61 cases of HCC by immunohistochemistry.Results The expressive rates of survivin and cyclin D 1 in HCC were 44.3% and 39.3%.Both survivin and cyclin D 1 rates in the lower-differentiated group were significantly higher than those in the well-differentiated (P
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Objective To investigate the expressions of paxillin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in lung carcinoma.Method SP immunohistological staining was used to detect the expression of paxillin and VEGF in 79 patients with lung carcinoma.Result 1.The expression rate of PAX and VEGF was 34.1% and 64.6%respectively.2.Significant positive correlation was found between the expression of PAX and lymphoid metastasis (P
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Objective To evaluate irregular hepatectomy combined with removal of tumor thrombi, postoperative hepatic artery chemotherapy(HAC) and portal vein chemotherapy (PVC) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombi (PVTT). Methods From Jan. 1987 to Dec. 1996, 62 HCC cases with PVTT underwent the combined therapy. Among them HAC and PVC were given in 40 cases. 59 patients were followed up for over 3 years. Results 6 cases died of postoperative hepatic and renal failure in 3 months. Recurrent rate and survival rate at 1, 2, 3 year was 46%(18/39), 59%(23/39),79%(31/39)and 69%(27/39),51%(20/39), 31%(12/39) respectively in group of combined HAC and PVC compared with 80%(16/20),90%(18/20),100%(20/20)and 30%(6/20),10%(2/20), 5%(1/20)in group without postoperative HAC and PVC. Conclusions Irregular hepatectomy with removal of tumor thrombi is an effective treatment for HCC with PVTT. Postoperative use of HAC and PVC significantly reduces the recurrence rate and improves survival.
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【Objective】To investigate the expression of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).【Methods】The expression of NOS3 and VEGF were detected by immunohistochemistry in 51 cases of HCC.【Results】The positive of NOS3 and VEGF in HCC were 53% and 63%.The expression rate of NOS3 in the recurrent group was significantly higher than that in the non-recurrent group (P<0.01).The expression rates of VEGF in the group with carcinoma embolus of portal vein and the recurrent group were significantly higher than those in the group without carcinoma embolus and non-recurrent group (P<0.05).The expression of NOS3 was closely related with the expression of VEGF positively in HCC.【Conclusions】NOS3 and VEGF are related with the biological behavior of HCC closely.
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AIM: To investigate the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer(EMMPRIN) and endothelin converting enzymes(ECE) in non-small-cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC),and their relationship with lymphoid metastasis and prognosis.METHODS: Expression of EMMPRIN and ECE in 77 cases of patients with NSCLC was detected immunohistochemically.The relationship of the expression of EMMPRIN and ECE with tumor size,histological type,differentiation,lymphoid metastasis,clinical stage,and prognosis were analyzed.RESULTS: The expressive rate of EMMPRIN and ECE was 66% and 45%, respectively.The expression of EMMPRIN and ECE was associated positively with lymphoid metastasis(both P0.05).The expression of EMMPRIN was associated with the expression of HGF in NSCLC(P
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AIM: To investigate the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its clinical significance in hepatic cellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: The NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 of 51 cases of HCC and 46 cases of liver tissue beside carcinoma (LTBC) were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expressive rates of NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 in LTBC were significantly higher than those in HCC ( P
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AIM:To investigate the expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer(EMMPRIN)and hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)in non-small-cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC)and their relationship with lymphoid metastasis and prognosis.METHODS:Expression of EMMPRIN and HGF in 77 cases of patients with NSCLC was detected immunohistochemically.The relationship of expression of EMMPRIN and HGF with tumor size,smoking,histological type,differentiation,lymphoid metastasis,clinical stage,and prognosis was analyzed.RESULTS:The expressive rates of EMMPRIN and HGF were 68% and 44%,respectively.The expressions of EMMPRIN and HGF were associated positively with lymphoid metastasis(r=0.371 and 0.339,P0.05).The expression of EMMPRIN was associated with the expression of HGF in NSCLC.CONCLUSION:The expression of EMMPRIN and HGF is associated with lymphoid metastasis and prognosis in NSCLC.Overexpression of EMMPRIN and HGF implies infavourable prognosis in NSCLC.
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AIM: To quest the relationship bwteen BDNF and seizures. METHODS: BDNF and other correlative proteins in the hippocampus of audioepileptic rat (P77PMC) have been detected by immunohistochemistry at different stages of seizures including quiet stage, preconvulsive stage, convulsive stage and postconvulsive stage. Wistar rats were served as controls. RESULTS: At quiet stage, the BDNF in the hippocampus of P77PMC were less than that of control group and stepped up after stimulation, trkB in the hippocampus of P77PMC were high at every stages, but PY20 were increased only after stimulation. NPY in the hippocampus of P77PMC were in a low level before seizures. CONCLUSION: The endogenetic BDNF may alter the excitement of P77PMC by adjusting the expression of NPY in hippocampus and activating its receptor trkB.